TINJAUAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP MODEL BAGI HASIL AKAD MUZARA’AH (Studi Kasus Garapan Sawah Desa Gandusari Kecamatan Gandusari, Kabupaten Trenggalek)

Abstrak

This research conducted in Gandusari Village, Trenggalek, East Java aims to examine the profit-sharing practice of the muzara’ah contract, the factors influencing farmers’ dissatisfaction with the profit-sharing of the muzara’ah contract, and the Islamic legal perspective on the profit-sharing model of the muzara’ah contract for rice field cultivation.

            This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach using a case study method on the community in Gandusari Village. Data were obtained through interviews, observation, and document study. Informants were selected purposively to represent tenant farmers, landowners, community leaders, village government officials, and local religious figures.

            The findings show that muzara’ah practices in Gandusari Village vary depending on who bears the capital and operational costs. From the perspective of fiqh muamalah, the contract is valid according to the four madhabs if the nisbah, contributions, and risks are clear. However, oral agreements without documentation give rise to gharar and perceptions of injustice. Farmers’ dissatisfaction arises from power asymmetry that weakens bargaining position, as well as external factors such as low market prices and crop failure risks, which make profit-sharing disproportionate to workload. Although deliberation and mediation by community leaders can reduce conflict, informal mechanisms are risky when social authority is imbalanced. Therefore, to align with maqasid sharia and the principle of al-musawah al-nisbi, written contracts, cost transparency, strengthening of farmer groups, education on fiqh muamalah, and the role of the government as wali al-amr are needed so that muzara’ah can function as an effective Islamic economic instrument in realizing distributive justice and farmer empowerment..